Importance of Industry, Infrastructure and physical resources of Uttar Pradesh

Importance of Industry, Infrastructure and physical resources of Uttar Pradesh

Uttar Pradesh is the most populous state in India, with a large pool of skilled, semi-skilled and unskilled labour. Alternately, the population is also looked upon as the largest consumer base in the country with around 200 million people. It is the largest producer of food grains among all states in India and accounted for about 17.83 per cent share in the country’s total food grain output in 2016-17. Food grain production in the state in 2017-18 stood at 51,252.7 thousand tonnes and 18,416.3 thousand tonnes in 2018-19. Pulses production in the state stood at 2,208.0 thousand tonnes in 2017-18 (4th Advance estimates) and 660.7 thousand tonnes under kharif season in 2018-19 (1st Advance Estimates).

Production of vegetables is 27,515.92 (Provisional) thousand tonnes in 2017-18. The state has become a hub for the semiconductor industry with several major players having their offices and research and development (R&D) centres in Noida.

Between 2011-12 and 2017-18, Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) expanded at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 11.29 per cent to Rs 13.76 trillion (US$ 213.44 billion) whereas the Net State Domestic Product (NSDP) expanded at a CAGR of 11.24 per cent to Rs 12.22 trillion (US$ 189.62 billion).

As of January 2019, Uttar Pradesh had an installed power generation capacity of 25,060.93 MW (comprising 6,218.20 MW under state utilities, 12,374.84 MW under private utilities & 6,467.89 MW under central utilities).

The state’s resources, policy incentives, infrastructure and climate are best suited for investments in diverse sectors such as Information Technology (IT), agro-based and food processing, light engineering goods, sports goods, textiles, leather-based, tourism and biotechnology.

The state has a well-developed social, physical and industrial infrastructure. It also has good connectivity through 48 national highways, six airports and rail links to all major cities. The state has witnessed a high rate of infrastructure growth in the recent past. There has been a considerable rise in the number of industrial clusters/hubs and Public-Private-Partnership (PPP) projects in the infrastructure domain.

The Uttar Pradesh State Industrial Development Corporation (UPSIDC) and the Department of Infrastructure and Industrial Development are responsible for the development of industrial infrastructure in the state.

The state has a robust industrial infrastructure, including 15 industrial areas, 12 specialised parks, four growth centres and industrial infrastructure development centres (IIDC). As of December 2018, Uttar Pradesh had 21 notified, 12 operational SEZs and 24 formally approved SEZs. Merchandise exports from Uttar Pradesh reach US$ 13.80 billion in 2017-18 and US$ 11.96 billion in April-December 2018.

In 2017, domestic tourist arrivals in the state were 234 million and stood second. Foreign tourist arrivals had crossed over 3.57 million and rank third.

According to the Department of Industrial Policy & Promotion (DIPP), cumulative FDI inflows1 in Uttar Pradesh, during April 2000 to December 2018, amounted to US$ 686 million.

Some of the major initiatives taken by the government to promote Uttar Pradesh as an investment destination are:

The Government of Uttar Pradesh presented Rs 4,28,384.52 crore (US$ 66.47 billion) Budget for 2018-19.
In January 2018, 10 cities have been included by the central government up to the fourth round of the Smart Cities Mission in the state.
As of July 2018, Rs 800 crore (US$ 119.33 million) has been released for smart city projects in Uttar Pradesh.
As per Investor Summit 2018, Uttar Pradesh government will majorly focus on key sectors such as:
- IT and ITeS
- Dairy
- Electronics
- Tourism
- Manufacturing
- Renewable Energy
- Agro & Food Processing

In June 2018, Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs approved construction of 9.9 km long new 6 lane bridge across river Ganga at Phaphamau in Allahabad with a cost of Rs 1,948.25 crore (US$ 290.61 million).
In state budget 2018-19, Uttar Pradesh government has increased its railway budget to Rs 36,000 crore (US$ 5.59 billion) for development of several railway projects as compared to previous year.
As of October 2018, the Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs had approved new railway line between Bahraich and Khalilabad, the total length will be 240.26 km with an estimated cost of Rs 4,939.78 crore (US$ 703.87 million).
The state is in the process of implementing and testing the public–private partnership model in the power sector with an input-based franchisee system.
As per state budget 2018-19, Rs 29,883 crore (US$ 4.64 billion) has been allocated to power sector schemes.
The state cabinet approved UP Defence and Aerospace Units and Employment Promotion Policy 2018, with an intention to generate 0.25 million jobs and expects an investment of Rs 50,000 crores (US$ 7.46 billion) over the next five years.
The state offers a wide range of subsidies, policy and fiscal incentives as well as assistance for businesses under the Industrial and Service Sector Investment Policy, 2004 and Infrastructure & Industrial Investment Policy, 2012.
The Uttar Pradesh Information Technology and Start-up Policy, 2016 is aimed at promoting Uttar Pradesh as a preferred and attractive location for investments for various IT/ITeS companies and for establishing IT Parks as well as IT cities for the development of IT Infrastructure in the state.
The government of Uttar Pradesh has sanctioned 20 SEZs across the state, such as IT and ITeS, electronic hardware and software, handicrafts and agro-based industries.
The state has proposed 40 IT/ITeS parks (apart from IT SEZs), two biotech zones and a knowledge park.

Infra-Structure:

Airports

The state has six domestic airports, located at Agra, Allahabad, Gorakhpur, Kanpur, Lucknow and Varanasi.
International flights operate from Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport, Lucknow, and Lal Bahadur Shastri Airport, Varanasi.
Lucknow airport received 4,117,598 passengers and Varanasi airport received 1,994,596 passengers during April 2013 to March 2014*.
New airports have been proposed at Shrawasti and Kushinagar districts. In February 2014, seven new airports were also proposed for Meerut, Moradabad, Faizabad, Agra, Allahabad, Bareilly and Kanpur.

· In May 2018, Uttar Pradesh government received approval from the Civil Aviation Ministry for the construction of Noida International Greenfield Airport at the North of Jewar Village in Uttar Pradesh

Railways

· Uttar Pradesh has the biggest railway network in the country with a railway density of 40 km which is double the rail density of the India.

· Agriculture, cement, fertilizers, coal and manufacturing are the major sectors and industries served by the railways.

· Various parts of the state are catered to five of the 17 railway zones in India. These are Northern Railways, North Eastern Railways, East Central Railways, North Central Railways and West Central Railways.

· As per state budget 2018-19, Uttar Pradesh government has increased its railway budget compared to previous year to Rs 36,000 crore (US$ 5.59 billion) for development of several projects such as re-development of Charbagh railway station, Lucknow Junction and Gomti Nagar stations , over bridge at Malhaur and development of passenger amenities at Alamnagar station.

· As of October 2018, the Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs had approved a new railway line between Bahraich and Khalilabad, the total length will be 240.26 km with an estimated cost of Rs 4,939.78 crore (US$ 703.87 million)

Roads

· Uttar Pradesh is well-connected to its 9 neighbouring states & other parts of India through 48 national highways. The length of national highways running through the state accounts for about 8.5% of the total National Highway (NH) length in India. Yamuna Expressway has 6 lanes & is 165-km long with controlled-access which connects Greater Noida with Agra.

· As of December 2018, 14,804 habitations were eligible under Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) , out of which 11,751 were cleared and further 11,748 habitations were connected.

a) Roads Length 422,412

b) National highways 11,737

c) State highways 7,147

d) Other roads 169,153

e) Rural roads 86,827

· Budget 2018-19 (Project) Funds allocated

a) Bundelkhand expressway Rs 650.00 crore (US$ 100.85 million)

b) Gorkahpur link expressway Rs 550.00 crore (US$ 85.34 million)

c) Purvanchal expressway Rs 1,000.00 crore (US$ 155.16 million)

d) Agra-Lucknow expressway Rs 500.00 crore (US$ 77.58 million)

e) Upgradation of a national highway (two-lane to four-lane) (March 2018) Rs 770.04 crore (US$ 119.48 million)

Power:

· Uttar Pradesh was one of the state to bring in power sector reforms in the country. The fundamental restructuring of the state power sector was processed in mid 1990s, wherein world bank was one of the main agencies funding in power sector reforms in India.

· As of January 2019, Uttar Pradesh had an installed power§ generation capacity of 25,060.93 MW (comprising 6,218.20 MW under state utilities, 12,374.84 MW under private utilities & 6,467.89 MW under central utilities).

· Thermal power contributed 18,529.21 MW to the state’s total§ installed power generation capacity, followed by a contribution of 3,368.63 MW by hydropower, 289.48 MW by nuclear power & 2,873.61 MW by renewable power.

· Energy requirement in the state was 92,400 million units (MU)§ between Apr-Dec 2018.

· Power generation in the state for 2018-19^ reached 104,792.98§ GWH

· As per state budget 2018-19, Rs 29,883 crore (US$ 4.64 billion) has been allocated to power sector schemes.

· Uttar Pradesh Electricity Regulatory Commission has approved§ transmission capital expenditure worth Rs 20,000 crore (US$ 3.11 billion) between FY18-20, an increase of 107 per cent over FY15-17.

· State-owned power companies

Uttar Pradesh Rajya Vidyut Utpadan Nigam Limited (UPRVUNL)	Power generation (thermal)
Uttar Pradesh Jal Vidyut Nigam Limited (UPJVNL)	Power generation (hydro)
Uttar Pradesh Power Corporation Limited (UPPCL)	Power transmission
Paschimanchal Vidyut Vitran Nigam Limited (PVVNL)	Power distribution
Purvanchal Vidyut Vitran Nigam Limited (PuVVNL)	Power distribution
Madhyanchal Vidyut Vitran Nigam Limited (MVVNL)	Power distribution
Dakshinanchal Vidyut Vitran Nigam Limited (DVVNL)	Power distribution

Telecom

· The Uttar Pradesh circle has good telecom infrastructure, with all the major players providing services in the state. The state has a huge postal circle (17,670 post offices) divided into six regions: Allahabad, Agra, Bareilly, Gorakhpur, Kanpur and Lucknow.

· By the end of November 2018, 40.03 million subscribers had§ submitted requests for mobile number portability in Uttar Pradesh.

· In December 2017, major telecom companies are being called in for§ providing connectivity as part of the Government of India’s plan of setting up 5 million smart meters across Uttar Pradesh and Haryana.

Telecom Infrastructure (March 2014)

Wireless connectionsM	166,071,201
Wire-line connections	764,619
Internet subscribers	65,960,000
Teledensity (in per cent)	70.01

Major telecom operators in Uttar Pradesh

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL)
Bharti Airtel
Idea Cellular
Vodafone Essar
Aircel Ltd
Reliance Communications
Tata Teleservices

Industrial Infrastructure:

The state has a robust industrial infrastructure, including 15 industrial areas, 12 specialised parks, four growth centres and industrial infrastructure development centres (IIDC). As of September 2014, the state had 22 notified special economic zones (SEZs).
The state has proposed 40 IT/ITeS parks (apart from IT SEZs), two biotech zones and a knowledge park. Development of integrated agro/food processing zones has been proposed at Hapur, about 54 km from Delhi.
Integrated logistics hubs (free-trade warehousing zones) have been proposed in collaboration between IL & FS, Mineral and Mining Trading Corporation and Mitsui (Japan).
Thus far, the state government has recommended 56 SEZs proposals to the Government of India. Of these proposals, 21 SEZs have been notified. Until date, Uttar Pradesh has nine functional SEZs.
Under a central government scheme, integrated industrial development centres have been established to encourage development of micro and small industries at Kosi Kotwan (Mathura), Etah, Banthar (Unnao), Baghpat, Masuri Gulawati (Ghaziabad), Kursi Road (Barabanki) and Chandauli.
The Greater Noida Phase-II has 19.0 per cent land reserved for industrial use.
An IT City is proposed to be built on about 100 acres of government land at Gajaria farms on Sultanpur Road in Lucknow. The state government granted approval for the city in April 2012.
Uttar Pradesh is the biggest beneficiary of the Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor project, with a 57.0 per cent share in the total length of 1,839 km.

Industrial parks

Infrastructure (type)	Location	Area (acres)
Growth centres	Bijoli, Jhansi	385
Growth centres	Shajahanpur	311
Growth centres	Dibiyapur	246
Growth centres	Jainpur	331
Agro parks	Barabanki	180
Agro parks	Varanasi	261
Apparel parks	Tronica City	146
Textile and hosiery parks	Kanpur	173
Leather technology parks	Banthar, Unnao	233
Export promotion industrial parks	Greater Noida	200
Export promotion industrial parks	Shastripuram, Agra	102
Software Technology Parks of India (STPI)	13,000 sq ft, of which 9,296 sq ft of area is being utilised by 15 units. The park is fully operational.

Physical Infrastructure:

Uttar Pradesh government targets improving basic urban infrastructure and water supply in 61 cities and towns with a population of above one lakh each by 2019-20.
As per state budget 2018-19, a total amount of Rs 11,500.00 crore (US$ 1.78 billion) has been allocated to ‘Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojna’ and around Rs 200.00 crore (US$ 31.03 million) allotted ‘Mukhya Mantri Awas Yojna’.
The Government of Uttar Pradesh has proposed an investment of 5,000.00 crore (US$ 775.80 million) for the Swachch Bharat Mission (Grahmin) in State Budget 2018-19.
In the State Budget 2018-19, an allocation of Rs 1,500.00 crore (US$ 00 million) for National Rural Drinking Water programme and Rs 120.00 crore (US$ 18.62 million) for State Rural Drinking Water Programme has been made.
Under the Smart Cities Mission launched by the central government in Uttar Pradesh, 13 cities were proposed to be developed as smart cities.
In August 2015, 12 cities were shortlisted to be developed as smart cities, namely – Kanpur, Lucknow, Allahabad, Jhansi, Moradabad, Aligarh, Saharanpur, Bareilly, Varanasi, Ghaziabad Agra and Rampur.
Out of these, 7 cities have been included by the central government, until the third round of the mission. In the fourth round released in January 2018, 3 new cities have been chosen, namely, Bareilly, Moradabad and Saharanpur.
As per state budget 2018-19, amount of Rs 1,650 crore (US$ 256.01 million) has been allocated for ‘Smart City Mission’.
As of July 2018, Rs 800 crore (US$ 119.33 million) has been released for smart city projects in Uttar Pradesh

Social Infrastructure

Education:

Uttar Pradesh has 72 universities out of which 28 are state universities, 9 are deemed universities, 6 central universities, and 29 private universities.
As of 2017-18, Uttar Pradesh has 74 universities, 6,922 colleges and 3,143 Industrial Training Institutes.
The state is one of the few states to have successfully implemented the “education for all” policy. Consequently, the state has made various investments towards escalation of the standard of education across various levels. The state has a good presence of private players in the education sector.
In the state budget 2018-19, the state government allocated Rs 2,048 crore (US$ 317.77 million) for Mid-Day-Meal, Rs 18,167 crore (US$ 2.82 billion) for Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan. Allocations of Rs 480 crore (US$ 74.48 million) and Rs 167 crore (US$ 4.03 million) have been made for ‘Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan’ and ‘Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan’, respectively
According to the provisional data of Census 2011, Uttar Pradesh has a literacy rate of 69.72 per cent; the male literacy rate is 79.24 per cent and the female literacy rate is 59.26 per cent.
Major Educational Institutes in Uttar Pradesh

Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur.
Indian Institute of Management, Lucknow.
Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh.
Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad.
Asian Academy of Film and Television, Noida.
Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar.
Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi.
National Institute of Technology (NIT), Allahabad.

Health:

The state has a 3-tier public healthcare infrastructure, comprising primary health centres (PHCs), health units, community health centres (CHCs) & sub-centres.
As per state budget 2018-19, the state had 170 mobile medical units (MMU) to provide a range of preventive & curative healthcare services at PPP route, the state also has 100 new Ayurveda hospitals.
In February 2019, the state had 3,594 primary health centres, 21,050 sub-centres, 4,412 community health centres and 192 district hospitals and 6 sub-district hospitals

Industrial Infrastructure:

Uttar Pradesh, a state with an access to a robust industrial infrastructure, has 15 industrial areas, 12 specialised parks, 4 growth centres & Industrial Infrastructure Development Centres (IIDC).
As of January 2019Uttar Pradesh had 21 notified, 12 operational SEZs and 24 formally, approved SEZs.
The state has proposed 40 IT/ITeS parks (apart from IT SEZs), 2 biotech zones & a knowledge park. The development of integrated agro/food processing zones has been proposed at Hapur, about 54 km from Delhi.
The state government sanctioned 20 SEZs in the state to accommodate various sectors such as IT/ITeS, textiles, handicrafts, and non-conventional energy. IT/ITeS accounted for the maximum share of approved SEZs in the state which accounted for 80 per cent of the 20 SEZs, followed by electronic products contributing 18 per cent to the overall share.
In July 2018, Uttar Pradesh attracts 80 leading industrialists to invest Rs 60,000 crore (US$ 8.95 billion) in 81 projects across various sector.
Tier–II cities are attractive destinations for the IT/ITeS industry and Uttar Pradesh can tap the potential of its cities such as Lucknow that are in proximity to Noida and NCR. During 2016-17*, the total exports from the operating SEZs in the state of Uttar Pradesh stood at US$ 1.64 billion.
Under central government scheme, various integrated industrial development centres have been developed so as to boost the development of micro small & medium industries at Etah, Banthar (Unnao), Kosi Kotwan (Mathura), Kursi Road (Barabanki) & various other places. The Greater Noida Phase-II has 19 per cent land reserved for industrial use.
In February 2018, Essel group announced MoUs worth Rs 180 bn (US$ 2.78 billion) to boost state infrastructure by manufacturing Ebuses

Physical Resources Of UP

Uttar Pradesh is the fifth largest State of India after Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and Andhra Pradesh in area. For administrative purposes, the state is divided into 18 divisions and 75 districts. There are 303 sub divisions, 313 Tehsils, 11 Municipal Corporation, 689 Cities, 820 community development blocks, 52,000 Gram Sabha, 1,07,452 revenue villages, out of which 97,941 are inhabitant and 9,511 uninhabitant in the state.

Uttar Pradesh, the most populated state is located in the northern region of India and shares its borders with Nepal on the north, the Indian states of Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh towards the northwest, Haryana, Delhi and Rajasthan on the west, Madhya Pradesh on the south, Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand to the southeast and Bihar in the east.

Uttar Pradesh is Situated between 23°52’N and 31°28’N latitudes and 77°3′ and 84°39’E longitudes (Important)

Uttar Pradesh can be divided into three distinct physical regions based on the Physical Settings :

The Shivalik foothills and Terai in the North
The Gangetic Plain in the centre – Highly fertile alluvial soils; flat topography broken by numerous ponds, lakes and rivers; slope 2 m/km
The Vindhya Hills and plateau in the south – Hard rock Strata; varied topography of hills, plains, valleys and plateau; limited water availability.

The southernmost range of Himalayas is known as Siwalik. The Himadri and Himachal ranges of the Himalayas have been formed much before the formation of Siwalik range. The rivers rising in the Himadri and Himachal ranges brought gravel, sand and mud along with them, which was deposited in the rapidly shrinking Tethys Sea. In course of time, the earth movements caused folding of these relatively fresh deposits of sediments, giving rise to the least consolidated Siwalik range. The average height of the Siwalik range is very low, about 600 metres only.

Relief and Structure:

The Ganga plain which dominates the landscape and nearly covers three fourth of the geographical area of the State, lies between the rocky Himalayan belt in the north and the southern hilly tract comprised of mainly Pre-Cambrian rocks. Flexing of the Indian lithosphere in response to the compressive forces due to collision, and thrust fold loading produced the Ganga Plain foreland basin. It is filled with recent alluvial sediments which are at places more than 1,000 m. thick and an amalgam of sand, silt, clay in varying proportions.

The southern hilly tract is roughly parallel to the Ganga-Yamuna lineament. The tract is underlain by granitic complex in Bundelkhand region and in Sonbhadra. It is overlain by rocks Mahakoshal (Bijawar) and Vindhyan Super group. The younger rock comprise of coal bearing Gondwana in south Sonbhadra and basaltic rocks in southern part of Lalitpur.

The granitic complex is considered to be potential for the search of metallic minerals like copper, lead, zinc, molybdenum, gold, nickel, Uranium and Platinum group of elements. The overlying sediments of Mahakoshal (Bijawar) and associated Iron Formation show a potential for the search of copper, uranium, and gold in Lalitpur and andalusite, sillimanite, gold, calcite, marble and clay in sonbhadra. The lower Vindhyan sediments of Sonbhadra contain deposits of cement grade limestone, flux grade dolomites, building stone and are also potential for the search of placer gold and other metals.

The Upper Vindhyan sandstones are suitable for making decorative slab/tiles or ballast. Deposits of silica sands and bauxite are available in Allahabad and chitrakoot districts while coal deposits occur in the Gondwana rocks in southwestern corner of Sonbhadra.

The thin strip of land running from Saharanpur in the west to Deoria in the east is known as Bhabhar and Terai. The Bhabhar area in Saharanpur, Bijnor and Pilibhit districts skirts round the Shivalik hills. Torrential streams and rivers desending the mountaineous slopes slow down here, leaving behind boulders brought from the upper reaches of the Himalayan hills. Some 34 Kilometers in width in the west, the tract goes on getting narrower in its march towards the east. Smaller streams seem to get lost in the thick mass of boulders but reappear some distance away, moving slowly and depositing a thin layer of soil which converts itself into a marshy patch called the Terai.

The Terai area, which runs through parts of Saharanpur, Bijnor, Rampur, Barelly, Pilibhit, Lakhimpur Kheri, Bahraich, Gonda, Basti, Siddarthnagar, Gorakhpur, Mahrajganj and Deoria districts was once a belt, some 80 to 90 kilometers wide , covered with forests and tall, dense grasses. In the recent years, however, owing to the land acquisition programme of the State Government the Terai belt has shrunk considerably, Wheat, rice and sugar cane are the main crops grown in Terai together with jute in certain stretches.

Outside the Terai and Bhabhar belt, the plains are fertile and flat save certain trans-Yamuna portions in Agra and Mathura districts where ravines and red stone hillocks abound on the eastern end of the Arawali range.

Irrigated by Ganga, Yamuna and their tributaries, the plains slope in two formations- from north to south in the west and west north to south east in the east, yielding two major crops a year i.e. rice in Kharif & wheat in Rabi Season.

Mineral Resources

Uttar Pradesh is the principal holder of country’s andalusite & diaspore resources and possesses 78% andalusite 37% diaspore and 10% pyrophyllite. Important minerals occurring in Uttar Pradesh are: coal in Singrauli coalfields,Sonbhadra district. diaspore & pyrophyllite in Hamirpur, Jhansi, Lalilpur and Mahoba districts. Naini area of Allahabad contains High quality of silica sand, an important source of glass sand, containing 98% SiO2, and a very low Fe2O3 is found in Shankargarh. Lohargath in Allahabad district and also Bargarh in Banda district It is also found in Aligarh ind Chitrakoot districts.

Detailed analysis of various Minerals of Uttar Pradesh is as follows:-

Cement and other Limestone based Industry

The State was producing only 1.4 millions tonnes of Cement as against a demand of 6 million tonnes. The investigations carried out show the possibility of tapping additional reserves of Limestone for Cement as well as for Steel and other Chemical industries in the following areas.

Large Cement Plants

Kannach-Basuhari, Sonbhadra

About 145 Million tonnes of Cement grade Limestone has been outlined for setting up a million tonnes Cement plant expandable up to 2 million tonnes.

Mini Cement Plants: A vast potential for Cement grade Limestone has been outlined in block VI of Kajrahat Limestone deposit in Sonbhadra which can be considered for Mini cement plant.

Dolomite

Deposits occur in the Kajrahat belt and are estimated about 15 million tonnes near Bari Village of Sonbhadra.

Rock Phosphate

About 6 Million tonnes of low grade (+16% P2O5 ) Phosphate occur in Lalitpur. The high grade ore is being sold as a direct fertilizer and to elemental Phosphorus plants. A mining and beneficiation project in Lalitpur is under Visit our Online store for Exclusive UPPCS Offersformulation in joint sector for producing 1,30,000 tonnes of concentrate annually with +35% P2O5 . Downstream industries are also under consideration.

Silica Sand

Extensive deposits of high grade Silica Sand occur near Shankargarh and Bargarh in Allahabad and Chitrakoot distt. Some of these deposits are mined by private lease holders on a small scale. Based on Lalapur deposits additional large scale mining and beneficiation units has been established by National Mineral Development Corporation.

Pyrophyllite and Diaspore

Small deposits of Pyrophyllite and Diaspore occur in Hamirpur, Mahoba Jhansi and Lalitpur districts. These are mined by private individuals and sold as a filler&handicrafts. These mines can be developed to produce large quantities of classified products for ceramics and refractory industry.

Bauxite and Synthetic Emery

About 8.4 million tones of metal grade Bauxite occur south of Manikpur in Chitrakoot district.

Sand Lime Bricks

The Bricks offer competitive price and attractive colours and hence are in great demand. Few more plants can be set up in the state. In addition, production of Fly Ash-Lime Bricks can also be considered, since large stocks of fly ash are lying unused. Setting up of such eco friendly plants will save the excavation of earth and also the fuel wood used for making Red bricks.

Granite

A large potentiality of dimensional Granite, suitable for blocks slabs and tiles exists in district Lalitpur, Jhansi, Mahoba, Banda and Sonbhadra and few areas in Lalitpur, are producing dimensional Granite, which has a potential export market. There is a potentiality for establishing more plants in the Joint sector.

Sandstone

Vindhyan sandstone occur in Agra, Lalitpur, Chitrakoot, Allahabad, Mirzapur, Varanasi and Sonbhadra districts. These are exploited by private parties and marketed as Slabstone, Millstone and Building stone. These districts provide opportunity for indigenous market and export too.

Placer Gold

Large areas of river beds of Saharanpur district contain gold ranging from 0.1-0.2 gm/cubic meter of sand. Beneficiation tests completed so far indicate 60-80% of gold recovery using simple gravity methods.

China Clay

There are possibilities of proving large deposits of China clay at Naudiha, Ramgarh, Kon & Nigahein and Jaljalia in distt. Sonbhadra. The clay occur in the weathering zone below sandstone in 5-15 meter thick zone and width of individual pockets vary from 150-200 meters. The recovery of the clay fraction is over 50%. The deposits are presently under exploratation.17 Million Tonnes of china clay deposit is available for entrepreneurs. It is available at Naudiha 40 Kms from Chopan. This area is well connected by metal road. The china clay of Naudiha-Ramgarh is a low grade Plastic-clay and could be used in low temperature stone-ware body for the production of crockery etc.

Andalusite

Low grade andalusite deposits occur in Harnakachar area near Wyndhamganj and Bagisoti area of Sonbhadra. GSI had estimated about 14 million tones reserves in Wyndhamganj area. Potential occurrences can be considered for exploitation.

Low Grade Iron Ore

Large reserves of low grade (25-30% iron) iron ore which can be easily upgraded to 45% iron using gravity methods occur at Girar, Lalitpur. These reserves can be utilized for making sponge iron.

Wildlife and Eco-Tourism

National Chambal Sanctuary –The National Chambal Sanctuary is famous for the rare Gangetic dolphin. The Sanctuary was founded in 1979 and is a part of a large area co-administered by Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, and Uttar Pradesh. Apart from the Gangetic dolphin, the other inhabitants of the sanctury include magar (crocodile) and ghariyal (alligator), chinkara, sambar, nilgai, wolf and wild bear.
Bakhira Bird Sanctuary– situated near Gorakhpur. This is an important and largest natural flood plain wetland in the eastern U.P., which provides a wintering & staging ground for a number of migratory waterfowls & a breeding ground for resident birds.
Sohagabarwa Wildlife Sanctuary– This area was declared a Sanctuary in the year 1987 and is spread over an area of 482 km2. It is the prominent attraction of Maharajganj District and includes seven forest ranges of the adjoining areas. The Sanctuary acts as the corridor between the Sanctuaries in Nepal & Bihar. It is one of the habitats of tiger in U.P.
Chandra Prabha Wildlife Sanctuary –The Sanctuary is located in Chandauli District, in the south eastern part of U.P beautiful picnic spots, dense forest, and scenic waterfalls like Raj Dari & Dev Dari & a dam nearby called Chandra Prabha Dam. It was the habitat of Asiatic Lion from 1957-1970 but after that lions disappeared from here. It serves as a natural & ideal habitat with its grasslands, many caves in Vindhyan area & waterfalls for a host of animals & plants (medicinal also). Chandra Prabha & Karmnasha rivers, flowing through the sanctuary have a variety of fish.
Kaimur Wildlife Sanctuary– The Kaimur Wildlife Sanctuary, established in 1982, is spread over an area of about 501 km2 of Mirzapur & Sonbhadra District. The Sanctuary has a wide variety of wildlife in its lush green dense forest cover with numerous waterfalls, treasure of pre-historic caves, rock paintings & heritage of rare fossils. Lakhania Paintings (Rock Paintings)- Rock paintings found in the cave of this area are about 4000 year old and were discovered in 1968. Most of the paintings are in terracotta colour & depict hunting, cattle grazing, war scenes, worshipping, bee-keeping, decorative floor designs, meeting, domestic chores etc.
Katarniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary –This Wildlife Sanctuary is situated near Nepal border in the Tarai region of Bahraich district and is a part of Dudhawa Tiger Reserve. Girwa & Kodiala Rivers which join together and are later known as Ghaghra traverse the sanctuary.
Suhelwa Wildlife Sanctuary– The Sanctuary is divided into two parts, viz, East & West. The Sanctuary was established in 1988. Suhelwa is connected with the forest of Mahadevpuri in Nepal. It is one of the habitats of tigers in U.P., which is the main attraction of the Suhelwa Wildlife Sanctuary.

Rivers:

Ganga-Ganga is formed by 6 headstreams and 5 of their confluences. Bhagirathi is considered as source of river ganga which rises at the foot of gangotri glacier at gamukh at an elevation of 3892 mts, though there are many small streams that feed bhagirathi . The six headstreams are the Alaknanda, Dhauliganga, Nandakini, Pindar, Mandakini, and Bhagirathi rivers. The five confluences, known as the Panch Prayag, are all along the Alaknanda. They are, in downstream order, Vishnuprayag, where the Dhauliganga joins the Alaknanda;Nandprayag, where the Nandakini joins; Karnaprayag, where the Pindar joins, Rudraprayag, where the Mandakini joins; and finally, Devprayag, where the Bhagirathi joins the Alaknanda to form the Ganges River proper. It is the longest river of India and largest and most fertile basin the country.
Bhagirathi –It is considered as source of river Ganga, rises at the foot of Gangotri glacier. The upper catchment of the river is glaciated and thus continuously feeds the river throughout the year. The river cuts spectacular gorges as it cuts through the granites and crystalline rocks of the middle Himalayas. Its main tributary is Bhilganga which joins it at Tehri, where the tehri dam has been constructed.
Alaknanda –The headwaters of the Alaknanda are formed by snowmelt from such peaks as Badrinath, Kamet, Satopant glaciers in Uttarakhand. Its meets the Bhagirathi river at Devprayag. Its main tributaries are Mandakini, Nandakini, and Pindar Rivers. The Alaknanda river drains part of chamoli, Tehri and Pauri districts. Pilgrimage centre Badrinath and natural spring Tapt Kund lie along the bank of the Alaknanda river .
Ramganga –tributary of ganga draining through the shivalik ranges and is fed by springs emanating from the reservoirs of underground water. Ramganga flows by the Corbett National Park near Ramnagar of Nainital district from where it descends upon the plains. Meets ganges near Kannauj Bareilly city of Uttar Pradesh is situated on its banks
Gomti –The Gomti originates from Gomat Taal which formally known as Fulhaar jheel, near Madho Tanda, Pilibhit, India. It extends 900 km (560 mi) through Uttar Pradesh and meets the Ganges River near Saidpur, Kaithi in Ghazipur. Another major tributary is the Sai River, which joins near Jaunpur. It meets Ganges near Ghazipur.
Sai –Tributary of Gomati which joins it in Jaunpur. Towns of Raiebareily and Pratapgarh are situated on it.
Sharda –Originates from the greater Himalayas at Kalapani at an altitude of 3600 mts. River is known as Kali river in Nepal where temple of goddess kali is situated in kalapani, near Lipulekh pass at the border of India and Tibet .and after descending into india it is called as sarda.
Ghaghra –It is a perennial river originating near Mansarovar lake, joins sharda river near brahmaghat UP. Ghaghra river joins Ganges at dariganj bhiar.It is largest tributary of ganges in terms of volume. The river flows through katarniaghat wildlife sanctuary, part of Dudhwa National Park. The upper course of river is famous for gangetic dolphins
Saryu –it is left bank tributary of Ghaghra, meets Ghaghra in bahraich district, Ayodhya is situated on the banks of river Saryu.
Rapti –Rises south of prominent E-W ridge midway between Dhaulagiri and mahabharat ranges in Nepal. Fed by springs. City of Gorakhpur lies on its banks and cause frequent floods in the rainy season.
Varuna –The Varuna River is a minor tributary of the Ganges River. It is named after the god Varuna. The name Varanasi itself is interpreted to be derived from the name of the river Varuna
Yamuna –originates from yamunotri glacier in the lower Himalayas, uttarkashi distict of Uttarakhand. Flows for 1370 kms before it meets ganges at Allahabad. River is fed by Tons(in Uttarakhand) and Giri(HP) it forms boundary of Haryana ,passes through delhi along the border of UP passing through major cities like baghpat, noida , mathura , agra ,Firozabad, etawah , hamirpur. The industrial development all along the course of river is now the major cause of Yamuna being polluted so much.
Sirsa –Travels parallel to Yamuna river in S-E direction. Passes along the Etawah district.
Sengar –tributary of sirsa, moves along the bad land and ravines of Chambal valley.
Chambal –the river rises in the malwa on the northern slopes of vindhyan near Mhow. The river is part of the confluence of 5 rivers near etawah district called “Pachnada”(in hindi). The river is famous for the ravines that have been created due to flooding and break of channel by the Chambal river. Most rice and oil seed are grown along the banks. Chambal is liable to heavy floods due to step gradient of its bed before it debouches on the alluvial plains. The volume discharge is greater than Yamuna. Clear waters and alligators are common in the river. Hydropower and irrigation projects Gandhi Sagar (MP) and Ranapratap Sagar (Rajasthan) and Kota barrage build on Chambal river.
Kuwari river –A tributary of Chambal, rises from northern border of MP ,northern slopes of Vindhyas, moves in a semicircular tract before meeting Chambal in Auraiya District, though subject to sudden and freshets during rains yet remains an insignificant stream in the hot season.
The Ahneya and Puraha– These take rise in a series of lakes, the former near Kakan and the latter near Sauj in the Mainpuri district and little more than the drainage channels for carrying off superfluous rain water. In the hot or cold season they are normally dry but in rains, the Puraha, owing to its sinuous course, injures a considerable amount of land on either bank.
Pandu– It is the only stream of the Etawah district which flows into the Ganga. It rises in the extreme north-east of Bidhuna tahsil in a large clay depression forming a lake lying between Sabhad and Nurpur. It flows eastwards into the Farrukhabad district.
Betwa– the Betwa rises in the Vindhya Range just north of Hoshangabad in Madhya Pradesh and flows north-east through Madhya Pradesh and flow through Orchha to Uttar Pradesh. Matatila Dam, an undertaking between the states of Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh, Paricha Dam, Rajghat Dam situated on Betwa river. The ambitious project Betwa–Ken link , estimated to cost over Rs.9000 crore, is expected to be included in the 12th Five-Year Plan was in recent news as of Min of Env. and Forest declined the required environmental clearanc
Dhasan –The Dhasan River is a right bank tributary of the Betwa River.
Jawai river –Flows through Bundelkhand region, acts as lifeline of this region due to variability in Monsoon over this region
Ken river – is one the major rivers of the Bundelkhand region of central India, and flows through two states, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh. Rises from Vindhyas. It is a tributary of the Yamuna, The Raneh Falls on the Ken river and Ken Ghariyal Sanctuary are tourist attractions. Gangau Dam has been constructed at the confluence of the Ken and Simri rivers. The Ken River passes through Panna National Park. Banda city is located on banks of river Ken.
Baghain River – Also rises from Northern slope of Vindhyas and meets Ken river perpendicular making rectangular drainage.
Tons River / Tamsa– The Tamsa River (also known as the Tons River) is a tributary of the Ganges flowing through the Indian states of Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh. The Tamsa rises in a tank at Tamakund in the Kaimur Range at an elevation of 610 meters. It flows through the fertile districts of Satna and Rewa. The river receives the Belan in UP and joins the Ganges at Sirsa, 300 km from Sangam. The Tamsa River while descending through the Rewa Plateau and draining northwards makes a vertical falls of 70m known as Purwa Falls, Chachai Falls (127m) on the Bihad River, a tributary of the Tamsa, the Keoti Falls (98m) on the Mahana River, a tributary of the Tamsa, and Odda Falls (145m) on the Odda River, a tributary of the Belah River, which is itself a tributary of the Tamsa.
Belan River – Tributary of Tons , rising from Kaimur Hills, meets Tons at the boundary of Up and MP.
Son River – The Son originates near Amarkantak in Madhya Pradesh,just east of the headwater of the Narmada River. The Son parallels the Kaimur hills, flowing east-northeast through Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand and Bihar states to join the Ganges just above Patna. Its chief tributaries are the Rihand and the North Koel. The Bansagar Dam in Madhya Pradesh is made on this river.
Rihand River– The Rihand headwaters originate in the Bagelkhand region of Madhya Pradesh state, and flow towards the north into Sonbhadra District of Uttar Pradesh. Here it joins the Son River. The Rihand Dam was built across the river in 1962 for hydropower generation; the reservoir made behind the dam is called Govind Ballabh Pant Sagar.
Kanhar River – The Kanhar River is a tributary of the Son River and flows through the Indian states of Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and Uttar Pradesh. Rises from ChotaNagpur Plateau, flowing through Sonbhadra district in Mirzapur division of Uttar Pradesh. It confluences with the Son River to the north-east of the village of Kota. It has a rocky bed almost throughout its course. A rapid mountain torrent, flowing through forested areas. Sukhdari Falls is 100 feet high. It located near the meeting point of the borders of Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and Uttar Pradesh.
Gopad river – Gopad River, one of the main tributaries of the Son River, emerges from the hills on the north of radial drainage Baghelkhand plateau.
Karmanasa River – is a tributary of the Ganges. Flows through the Indian states of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. Along the boundary between Uttar Pradesh and Bihar on the northern face of Kaimur Range . Its tributaries are the Durgavati, the Chandraprabha. Devdari falls, at an edge of the Rohtas Plateau.

Vegetation:

By legal status, Reserved Forest constitutes 65.9%, Protected Forest 14.4% and Unclassed Forest 19.7% . There are three forest types, namely Tropical Moist Deciduous, Tropical Dry Deciduous and Tropical Thorn. Sal is an important forest formation of the State. Forests are distributed largely in the northern and partly in the southern parts of the State. The central part is devoid of forest vegetation as it is mainly under agriculture.

A forest cover increase was recorded by the Forest Survey of India report of 1999, in the districts of Hardoi, Kheri, Saharanpur, because plantation was under taken 4-5 years earlier and also due to effective protection measures. A decrease in forest cover was observed in the districts of Banda, Jhansi, Mirzapur, and Sonbhadra which was largely on account of biotic pressures.

Uttar Pradesh has been categorized into three major eco-zones on the basis of forest and vegetation types. These three zones are:- the Terai region; the Gangetic plains (West and East Uttar Pradesh); the Bundelkhand of Uttar Pradesh including the Vindhya ranges.

The terai region of Uttar Pradesh is a very important ecosystem for many threatened species of tall wet grasslands and swamps and is the topmost priority for conservation . It supports many threatened bird species such as the Swamp Francolin Francolinus gularis and Bengal Florican Houbaropsis bengalensis . Earlier, the terai was continuous, but now it occurs in pockets in protected areas of India and Nepal such as the Royal Chitwan National Park (NP), Royal Bardia NP, Royal Parsa Wildlife Reserve and Royal Sukhlaphanta Wildlife Reserve in Nepal, and Karterniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary (WLS), Kishanpur WLS, and Dudwa NP in Uttar Pradesh and Valmiki WLS in Bihar.

Reserved Forests (RF) A wasteland, forest area that is the property of government can be constituted as RF under the provision of the Indian Forest Act. Activities leading to damage to the forest are prohibited: clearing of forest; setting up of fire; kindling or carrying fire; causing damage to the trees, felling, girdling, logging, tapping, stripping of barks; quarrying of stones; poisoning of rivers; hunting of animals; trespassing of cattle and; cultivation
Protected Forest (PF) The Indian Forest Act empowers the State government to declare any forest or wasteland, which is the property of the government or over which it has proprietary rights including the whole or any part of its forest produce, as PF. No act is prohibited unless notified.

Forest and Wildlife Department Uttar Pradesh, conducts departmental tree plantation work during rainy season, to increase the forest and tree cover in the state various schemes are being implemented by the Uttar Pradesh government large scale tree plantation programme is being conducted in the state through social forestry, social forestry in urban areas, green belt development scheme and total forest cover scheme. The task of tree plantation is implemented by Forest and Wildlife Department in coordination with the other government departments. The efforts are being made to ensure ample participation of localities, women, farmers, public representatives and students in tree plantation programmes. The Forest and Wildlife Department and the state government are actively engaged to ensure the success of plantation work and high quality plantation.

The various varieties of Rosewood, Neem, Cassia, Gulmohar, Jakranda, Cirrus, Kanji, Mango, Chitwan, Banyan, Pipal, Ficus, Mulsri, Bauhinia, Kadamb, Tamarind, Bel and Mahua are being planted in the state as per soil and climatic conditions. The state government is emphasizing on more and more plantation of large and conventional trees. The state government is making sustained efforts towards the establishments on green belt, development of eco tourism and success of plantations to increase the forests and tree cover in the state.

In order to uplift living standard of communities living in forest areas and to include them in development and management of forests, the forestry works are being executed by constituting joint village forest management committees and eco development committees. In this way, efforts are being made to economically uplift the people living surrounding the forest areas by engaging them in wildlife protection and in forestry activities.

Climate:

The climate of Uttar Pradesh (U.P.) is primarily defined as humid subtropical with dry winter (CWa) type with parts of Western U.P. as semi-arid (BS) type.

However based on the Köppen climate classification, it can be classified mostly as Humid Subtropical with dry winter type with parts of Eastern U.P. as Semi-Arid (BS) type.

U.P. has a climate of extremes. With temperatures fluctuating anywhere from 0 °C to 50 °C in several parts of the state and cyclical droughts and floods due to unpredictable rains, the summers are extremely hot, winters cold and rainy season can be either very wet or very dry.

The primary temperature, rainfall and wind features of the three Distinct Seasons of U.P. can be summarized as below:

18 Summer (March–June): Hot & dry (temperatures rise to 45 °C, sometimes 47-48 °C); low relative humidity (20%); dust laden winds.

Monsoon (June–September): 85% of average annual rainfall of 990 mm. Fall in temperature 40-45° on rainy days.

Winter (October–February): Cold (temperatures drop to 3-4 °C, sometimes below -1 °C); clear skies; foggy conditions in some tracts. Given significant climatic differences,

U.P. has been divided into two meteorological subdivisions – U.P. East and U.P. West. IMD office situated at Airport, Lucknow is nodal for providing all the weather related forecasts & details.

Average Rainfall

Precipitation in Uttar Pradesh is primarily a summer phenomenon, the Bay of Bengal branch of the Indian Monsoon is the major bearer of rain in most parts of U.P. It is the South-West Monsoon which brings most of the rain here, although rain due to the western disturbances and North-East Monsoon also contribute small quantities towards the overall precipitation of the state.

The mean south-west monsoon (June, July, August & September) rainfall (799 mm) contributes 84.4% of annual rainfall (946 mm). Mean monthly rainfall during July (268 mm) is highest and contributes about 28.3% of annual rainfall. The mean rainfall during August is slightly lower and contributes about 26.5% of annual rainfall. June and September rainfall contribute 11.2% and 18.4% of annual rainfall, respectively. Contribution of pre-monsoon (March, April & May) rainfall and postmonsoon (October, November & December) rainfall in annual rainfall is 7.1% and 4.9% respectively. Coefficient of variation is higher during the months of November, December,January and February.

Soils

Six well defined and distinct soil groups differing from one another in their geological formation and pedogenic characters have been recognized. These are Bhabar soils, Tarai soils, Vindhyan soils, Bundelkhand soils, Aravali soils and Alluvial soils. Each of these soil groups have developed under the combined influence of a wide range of soil forming factors including climate, vegetation and parent materials. The major coverage of alluvial soil in further grouped as saline alkaline- soils, Karail soils and Bhatt soils.

Soils in most of the districts of Uttar Pradesh are low in available Nitrogen, forty one districts have low in available

Phosphorus status and fourteen districts are medium in available Phosphorus (Bareilly, Moradabad, Bijnor, Farukabad, Faizabad, Bahraich, Gond, Hardoi, Lakhimpur and Sitapur). Available Potassium is low in twenty nine districts. Seventeen percent soils are medium in available Potassium status, and four percent soils high Potassium.

Soils of recent alluvium, Ganga plains and uplands, central lowlands, Yamuna uplands and Kanpur districts are rated medium to high in available Sulphur. The available Zinc status in Basti, Deoria, Azamgarh, Ballia, Ghazipur and Jaunpur are low. However, the soils in Ghazipur, Jaunpur, Varanasi, Deoria and Gorakhpur districts rated high in Zinc status. Soils of Bulandshar, Meerut, Muzaffarpur, Hamirpur and Banda districts are highly deficient in available Zinc.

Availability of Iron in the soils varied in the following order Hill > Alluvial >Vindhyan > Bundelkhand >Tarai. Soils of Unnao, Hardoi, and Farukhabad are low in available Iron status.