UTTAR PRADESH

2nd highest no. of child labourers in Lucknow

In contrast to its rich legacy of sophistication, warmth, courtesy and polite mannerisms, City of Nawabs is now home to the second largest number of children working as labourers in the country.
Over 5.9% of all children in the 5-14 years age group have been engaged in work which deprives them of their right to a normal childhood and regular schooling besides making them vulnerable to mental, physical, social and morally dangerous situations.

As per the report, Lucknow municipal area is home to 30,342 child labourers, second only to Greater Hyderabad municipal corporation in Telangana having 96,892 child workers.

Taking the state census data into account, UP is home to over 21% (21.7 lakh) of 1.01crore child labourers in India. The fact that there has been a 13% rise in child labourers in UP between Census 2001and 2011exposes that the system has failed to safeguard the interests of children. Identifying that child labour was more prevalent in rural than urban areas, the researchers found that the problem was more of individualistic nature with dhabas and households being the biggest child labour employers.

INTERNATIONAL

11th World Hindi Conference to be Held in Mauritius

The 11th World Hindi Conference (WHC) is being organized from 18-20 August 2018 in Mauritius by the Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India in association with the Government of Mauritius.

The main theme of the Conference is “Hindi Vishwa Aur Bharatiy Sanskriti”.

The first World Hindi Conference was held in 1975 in Nagpur, India. Since then, ten such Conferences have been held in different parts of the world.

NATIONAL

India’s first lithium ion cell factory to come up in Andhra Pradesh

Munoth Industries Limited will set up India’s first lithium ion cell production project by investing Rs 799 crore in three phases in Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh.

It will provide a trigger for enabling mobile component manufacturing in India that will also lead to value addition in overall mobile phone manufacturing.

In the first phase, Rs 165 crore will be invested to produce li ion cells having total storage capacity of 200,000 Ah (Ampere hour) per day.

Gk bit- Batteries

There are two main categories of batteries:

PRIMARY BATTERIES, sometimes also called single-use, or “throw-away” batteries because they have to be discarded after they run empty as they cannot be recharged for reuse.Primary batteries can produce current immediately on assembly. Disposable batteries are intended to be used once and discarded.

Primary Batteries include-

a) Carbon Zinc (aka. ‘Heavy Duty’) — The lowest cost primary cell (household) is the zinc-acidic manganese dioxide battery. They provide only very low power, but have a good shelf life and are well suited for clocks and remote controls.

b) Alkaline — The most commonly used primary cell (household) is the zinc- alkaline manganese dioxide battery. They provide more power-per-use than Carbon-zinc and secondary batteries and have an excellent shelf life.

c) Lithium Cells — Lithium batteries offer performance advantages well beyond the capabilities of conventional aqueous electrolyte battery systems. Their shelf-life can be well above 10-years and they will work at very low temperatures. Lithium batteries are mainly used in small formats (coins cells up to about AA size) because bigger sizes of lithium batteries are a safety concern in consumer applications.

d) Silver Oxide Cells – These batteries have a very high energy density, but are very expensive due to the high cost of silver. Therefore, silver oxide cells are mainly used in button cell format for watches and calculators.

e) Zinc Air Cells – These batteries have become the standard for hearing aid batteries. They have a very long run time, because they store only the anode material inside the cell and use the oxygen from the ambient air as cathode.

SECONDARY BATTERIES, mostly called rechargeable batteries because they can be recharged for reuse. They are usually assembled with active materials in the discharged state. Rechargeable batteries orsecondary cells can be recharged by applying electric current, which reverses the chemical reactions that occur during its use. Devices to supply the appropriate current are called chargers or rechargers.

Secondary batteries include-

Rechargeable Alkaline – Secondary alkaline batteries, the lowest cost rechargeable cells, have a long shelf life and are useful for moderate-power applications. Their cycle life is less than most other secondary batteries, but they are a great consumer’s choice as they combine the benefits of the popular alkaline cells with the added benefit of re-use after recharging. They have no toxic ingredients and can be disposed in regular landfills (local regulations permitting).

b) Nickel-Cadmium – Secondary Ni-Cd batteries are rugged and reliable. They exhibit a highpower capability, a wide operating temperature range, and a long cycle life, but have a low run time per charge. They have a self-discharge rate of approximately 30% per month. They contain about 15% toxic, carcinogenic cadmium and have to be recycled.

Nickel-Metal Hydride – Secondary NiMH batteries are an extension of the old fashioned NiCd batteries. NiMH batteries provide the same voltage as NiCd batteries, but offer at least 30% more capacity. They exhibit good high current capability, and have a long cycle life.

d) Lithium Ion– Secondary Li-Ion batteries are the latest breakthrough in rechargeable batteries. They are at least 30% lighter in weight than NiMH batteries and provide at least 30% more capacity. They exhibit good high current capability, and have a long cycle life. The selfdischarge rate is better than NiMH at approximately 20% per month. Overheating will damage the batteries and could cause a fire. Li-Ion cells contain no toxic cadmium, but they still contain either cobalt oxides or nickel oxides, which are known human carcinogens and should be recycled.

e) Lead-Acid — Secondary lead-acid batteries are the most popular rechargeable batteries worldwide. Both the battery product and the manufacturing process are proven, economical, and reliable. However, because they are heavy, Lead-Acid batteries are not being used in portable, consumer applications. Lead is a toxic, carcinogenic compound and should not enter the regular waste stream. Recycling of Lead-Acid batteries is the environmental success story of our time, approx. 93% of all battery lead is being recycled today in reused in the production of new Lead-Acid batteries.

· Central Government Launches ‘Rail MADAD’, ‘Menu On Rails’ Mobile Apps

The Ministry of Railways launched two mobile applications to ease the traveling experience.
The two apps, ‘Rail MADAD’and ‘Menu on Rails’, were launched by Railway Minister Piyush Goyal and Minister of State (MoS) Manoj Sinha during a press conference organized to highlight the achievements of the Ministry in the last four years.
While Rail MADAD will enable travelers to lodge complaints, Menu on Rails will facilitate seamless ordering of food.
The Minister stated Rashtriya Rail Sanraksha Kosh has been created with a corpus of one lakh crore rupees for making additional funds available for safety-related works.

· National Green Tribunal directs hill states to file report on forest fires

TheNational Green Tribunal directed the hill states to file a report on the steps taken by them to control recurring forest fires.
The bench headed by acting NGT Chairperson Jawad Rahim impleaded the Ministry of Environment and Forests as well as the states of Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Sikkim, Jammu and Kashmir and West Bengal in the case.
The green tribunal issued notices to the hill states and asked them to file an affidavit stating measures taken by them with regard to National Action Plan to check forest fires, which cause considerable damage to the environment.
The process has to be done within two weeks.

The matter is now listed for next hearing on July 30.

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